Features of the psycho-emotional state of adolescence. Psychological study of the tendency to neurotic states in adolescents
There are some mental states that are especially relevant in adolescence: anxiety; aggressiveness; frustration; loneliness; rigidity; emotional sensations: stress, affect, depression; alienation.
Anxiety plays an important role in understanding how a person will perform this or that activity, especially when someone else is doing the same thing next to him.
Anxiety - the property of a person to come into a state of increased anxiety, to experience fear and anxiety in specific social situations.
Manifestations of anxiety in different situations are not the same. In some cases, people tend to behave anxiously always and everywhere, in others they reveal their anxiety only from time to time, depending on the circumstances. Situationally stable manifestations of anxiety are usually called personal and are associated with the presence of a corresponding personality trait in a person (the so-called "personal anxiety"). Situationally variable manifestations of anxiety are called situational, and a personality trait that exhibits this kind of anxiety is referred to as "situational anxiety".
In connection with the spread in the world of not only altruism, but also ignoble human deeds: wars, crime, interethnic and interracial clashes, psychologists could not help but pay attention to behavior that is essentially the exact opposite of altruism (a character trait that encourages a person to selflessly come to the aid of people and animals) - aggressiveness.
Aggressiveness (hostility) - human behavior in relation to other people, which is characterized by the desire to cause them trouble, harm: moral, material or physical.
A person has two different motivational tendencies associated with aggressive behavior: the tendency to aggression and its inhibition. The tendency to aggression is the tendency of an individual to evaluate many situations and actions of people as threatening him and the desire to respond to them with his own aggressive actions. The tendency to suppress aggression is defined as an individual predisposition to evaluate their own aggressive actions as undesirable and unpleasant, causing regret and remorse. This tendency at the level of behavior leads to suppression, avoidance or condemnation of manifestations of aggressive actions.
Aggressive people find many opportunities to justify their actions, among them are the following:
Comparing one's aggressive actions with those of a more serious aggressor and trying to prove that, in comparison with his actions, the actions committed are not terrible;
- "noble goals";
Lack of personal responsibility;
The impact of other people;
The belief that the victim "deserved" such treatment.
Aggression can cause the accumulation of frustration, which leads to an increase in the person's inferiority complex and the appearance of aggression.
An abnormal attitude, which, being primarily personal, and which can act in the sphere of interpersonal group relations, is frustration.
Frustration - emotionally difficult experience by a person of his failure, accompanied by a feeling of hopelessness, the collapse of hopes in achieving a certain desired goal.
Frustration is accompanied by disappointment, irritation, anxiety, sometimes despair; it negatively affects the relationship of people if at least one of them is in a state of frustration.
Different people react differently to frustration. This reaction can take the form of apathy, aggressiveness, regression (a temporary decrease in the level of intelligence and intellectual organization of behavior).
In a state of frustration, a person is almost always in a negative emotional state. He has needs and desires, but they cannot be realized; he set goals for himself, but they are not achievable. The stronger the needs and desires are expressed, the more significant the goals and the more significant the obstacles to their implementation, the greater the emotional and energy stress experienced by the psyche.
A frustrated person usually gives himself away with harsh expression, a tendency to vent evil on partners, rudeness, unfriendly communication.
One of the most serious problems of mankind is the problem of loneliness, when relationships for some reason do not add up, without generating either friendship, or love, or enmity, leaving people indifferent towards each other.
Loneliness - a severe mental state, usually accompanied by a bad mood and painful emotional experiences.
The concept of loneliness is associated with the experience of situations that are subjectively perceived as undesirable, personally unacceptable for a person, lack of communication and positive intimate relationships with other people. Loneliness is not always accompanied by the social isolation of the individual. You can constantly be among people, contact with them and at the same time feel your psychological isolation from them, i.e. loneliness (if, for example, these are strangers or people alien to the individual).
Genuine subjective states of loneliness usually accompany symptoms of mental disorders, which take the form of affects with a clearly negative emotional coloring, and different people have different affective reactions to loneliness. Some complain, for example, of feeling sad and depressed, others say that they feel fear and anxiety, and others report bitterness and anger.
Lonely people tend to dislike others, especially those who are outgoing and happy. This is their defensive reaction, which, in turn, prevents them from establishing good relations with people themselves. I suspect that it is loneliness that causes some people to abuse alcohol and drugs, even if they themselves do not recognize themselves as lonely.
Rigidity - inhibition of thinking, manifested in the difficulty of a person’s refusal from a decision once made, a way of thinking and acting.
Emotions - a special class of subjective psychological states reflected in the form of direct experiences, sensations.
Emotional sensations in the biological sense have become fixed as a way for a living organism to maintain an optimal state of life.
The norm for a person is a positive emotional attitude, which also plays a kind of protective (protective) function. As soon as the optimal state of life deteriorates (well-being, health, the appearance of external stimuli), emotions also change (positive to negative). This is called a decrease in emotional tone.
Affect - a short-term, rapidly flowing state of strong emotional arousal that occurs as a result of frustration or some other reason that strongly affects the psyche, usually associated with the dissatisfaction of needs that are very important for a person.
The development of affect obeys the following law: the stronger the initial motivational stimulus of behavior and the more effort it took to implement it, the smaller the result obtained as a result of all this, the stronger the affect that arises.
Depression - a state of affect with a negative connotation. Depression is understood as a strong melancholy, accompanied by despair and a crisis of the spirit. In a state of depression, time seems to slow down, fatigue sets in, and efficiency decreases. Thoughts about their own insignificance come, suicide attempts are possible.
Another kind of effect – stress – is a state of strong and prolonged psychological stress as a result of an overload of the human nervous system.
Stress disorganizes human activity, disrupts the normal course of his behavior. Stress, especially if it is frequent and prolonged, has a negative impact not only on the psychological state, but also on the physical health of a person.
Alienation - It manifests itself in the fact that a person, being in a conflict situation, cannot independently get out of it. To get away from the conflict, he must break the connection between his "I" and the traumatic environment. This gap creates a distance between the person and the environment, and later it develops into alienation.
So, in this paragraph, we examined the main types of mental states that are most characteristic of adolescence.
Adolescence is a very important period in the life of every person. This is the time when the child is on the verge of growing up. He begins to comprehend himself as a person, he forms a system of values, he thinks about questions that would not have occurred to him a couple of years ago. Such a "reformatting" is naturally accompanied by a number of mental manifestations. Which ones? This is what we will talk about today.
It is no secret that the mood of adolescents changes a hundred times a day: from openness and trust, he can move on to aggression and anger, bouts of frankness are replaced by hours of isolation and detachment. Naturally, this behavior causes concern among parents.
It should be remembered that the reason for everything is the hormonal restructuring of the body, which is not only characterized by active growth and development of the body, but also in a certain way affects the state of the psyche.
Most researchers agree that the mental states of adolescents are also directly related to the communicative sphere: with whom and how a teenager communicates, his self-awareness and, consequently, actions depend.
Psychologists name a number of features inherent in the emotional sphere of children aged 12 to 16 years. Firstly, it is an increased emotional excitability: almost all adolescents are different irascibility, passion, maximalism. They are harsh and intolerant, ready to passionately defend their views, but at the same time they are easily carried away by new ideas and tasks. At the same time, their emotional experiences, compared with, say, young children, are characterized by great stability.
Secondly, many teenagers have increased levels of anxiety: they are afraid to seem ridiculous, to be rejected by their peers, etc. A significant part of the experiences that arise are associated with one's own. Thirdly, teenagers, like no one else, strive to belong to a certain social group, and therefore they are extremely painfully experiencing the disapproval of their comrades. In this regard, one can also name a strong fear of being rejected, which almost all young people are subject to.
Negative psychological states of adolescents
If we talk directly about negative manifestations, then we should first of all note the constant irritability, internal discomfort that accompanies growing up. Many teenagers at the doctor's office complain that it is difficult for them to collect their thoughts, cope with their emotions, control their behavior. As a rule, their actions and actions directly depend on the situation.
As a rule, the attitude towards others is rather negative, and these feelings can be directed both to a specific subject (parents, a certain teacher), and to everything at once (all adults, school). Hence the affective outbursts that arise in adolescents every now and then: attacks of rage, rudeness, a desire to violate discipline at all costs.
It should be noted that the mental states of adolescents can change to the exact opposite: this is the time when the child is swinging on a kind of emotional "swing": from self-confidence to awareness of his own insignificance, from elation to apathy, from joyful excitement to lethargy and detachment. Most often, such manifestations are a variant of the norm, and therefore should not become a cause for concern.
How to help a teenager during a crisis?
Parents often complain to a specialist that they cannot cope with their unlucky child, moreover, they simply do not know how to communicate with him. In most cases, doctors advise simply to wait out this difficult period - sooner or later it will end, and the child's behavior will become more even and restrained.
Of course, living under the same roof with a rebellious teenager is far from sugary, but it is at this time that understanding, patience and wisdom should be shown. If your son or daughter pisses you off, try to understand them. Believe me, it is also very difficult for them. Show them respect, try to communicate with them on an equal footing.
Do not put pressure on the child, but do not connive with him: you need to find the fine line that runs between total control and permissiveness. Remember that at this age, children feel very vulnerable and alone, even if they try their best to demonstrate the opposite. They need you - your help, kindness, attention.
Projective methods in the diagnosis of conditions, personality traits of adolescence and youth.
Diagnosis of mental states of personality in adolescence.
A mental state is a characteristic of a person’s mental activity that is stable over a certain period of time. Mental states occupy an intermediate position in the classification of mental phenomena between mental processes occurring at a particular point in time and the mental properties of a person, which are stable and stable characteristics of a person.
Emotional states form a mood that colors mental processes for a long time, determines the direction of the subject and his attitude to ongoing phenomena, events, people.
Some feelings, emotional states become leading, dominant in the structure of the personality and, as a result, can seriously influence the formation of character.
The most common group of methods for diagnosing the functional state are questionnaires aimed at self-assessment of their psychological state by the test subjects. These are subjective-evaluative methods for diagnosing mental states.
methods, which are thermometer scales, according to which the subject must assess the severity of each symptom by selecting the required number, between pairs of words-states. This group includes the widely used methods “SAN”, “ACC”, “Scale-thermometer for assessing the state”, etc.
Methods can also be used, which are questionnaires that provide a number of features that describe a particular condition. The subject needs to assess how these signs are peculiar to him at the moment (or usually) and express his assessment by choosing one or another answer. In this case, the answer can be in a simple form (yes, no) or in a more complex differentiated one (no, not at all; perhaps so; right; absolutely right). This group includes such methods as “Ch.D. Spielberger - Yu.L. Khanin”, Taylor’s Method, MBI Questionnaire, “Forecast” Method, Aggression State Diagnosis Method Bass A. – Darki A., etc.
Among the most well-known questionnaires for diagnosing a psychological state, one can also point out the "Questionnaire of neuropsychic stress" by T.A. Nemchin containing 30 statements and one scale.
You can also point to two questionnaires proposed by A.O. Prokhorov: "Questionnaire of mental states of a schoolchild" and "Questionnaire of mental states of a teacher". These questionnaires contain (respectively) 74 and 78 names of specific states, such as "excitement", "anger", "hatred", "annoyance", "sensitivity", etc. The subject must indicate the degree of severity of each psychological state.
Diagnosis of non-verbal behavior of a teenager's personality.
Non-verbal behavior is associated with the inner world of the individual. Its function is not limited to accompanying her experiences. Non-verbal behavior is an external form of existence and manifestation of the mental world of a person. In this regard, the analysis of the structure and content of individual non-verbal behavior is another way to diagnose the level of development of the individual as a subject of communication. The elements of non-verbal behavior include all body movements, intonational, rhythmic, higher characteristics of the voice, its temporal and spatial organization.
Methods for diagnosing non-verbal communication
The term "expression" is used to describe that component of emotions, which is manifested mainly in mimic complexes, as well as in the posture of speech. The number of studies using experimental techniques aimed at recording expressive behavior has increased rapidly in recent decades.
Methods for studying emotional expression.
Expression studies have two main directions: the study of (a) voluntary expression and (b) involuntary. Expressive behavior researchers use three techniques: direct observation, photography, and video recording. Each of these approaches has both advantages and disadvantages. Neither direct observation nor static photography is as comprehensive as videotape recording.
Use of questionnaires.
Psychological methods for studying the emotional sphere of a person are mainly based on questionnaires and reveal the emotional characteristics of a person.
In the laboratory of A.E. Olshannikova developed four methods for studying emotionality: three - to identify means of expressing emotions (expressiveness).
Methods for diagnosing emotions by facial expression.
The first attempts to create a technique for determining the ability to recognize emotions by facial expression were made by E. Boeing and E. Titchener, who used schematic drawings created in 1859 by the German anatomist T. Piderit. They created interchangeable images of individual parts of the face and, by combining them, received 360 facial expression schemes that were presented to the subjects.
In the 1970s, at the University of California, P. Ekman et al. developed a method that received an abbreviated name (FAST - FacialAffectScoringTechnique). The test has an atlas of facial expression photo references for each of the six emotions. The photo standard for each emotion is represented by three photographs for three levels of the face: for the eyebrows - forehead, eyes - eyelids and the lower part of the face. Variants are also presented, taking into account different head orientations and gaze directions.
CARAT - a technique developed by R. Buck is based on the presentation of slides, which capture the reaction of a person considering scenes of different content from the surrounding life. The subject must recognize, by looking at the slide, what scene the person is observing.
The PONS test (“profile of non-verbal sensitivity”) includes 220 fragments of behavior presented in various elements of expression (only posture, only facial expression, etc.). The test subject must choose from two proposed definitions only one that relates to the observed fragment of human expressive behavior.
Using the capabilities of this test, D. Archer created the SIT test (situational interactive tasks), which differs from previous methods in that video recordings of everyday scenes are used as demonstration material and clear criteria for the adequacy of their understanding are found.
To determine the ability to recognize emotions by facial expression, the FMST test - G. Dale was developed.
V.A. Labunskaya developed a method of "verbal fixation of signs of the expression of emotional states". This method is a modified version of the verbal portrait method. The research participant is required to describe a variety of features of another person. The subject is asked to describe the expressive features of six emotional states.
The difficulties in studying emotions are due to the fact that in many cases they have to be artificially evoked in the laboratory, modeled. Recently, a way has been outlined for studying naturally occurring emotions in computer games. A computer game makes it possible to simultaneously record many parameters of manifestations of emotions: motor, electrophysiological, speech.
The study of emotional expression: external expressiveness of emotions, activity of behavior under the influence of emotions and impaired speech and behavior under the influence of emotions. + methods for the type of temperament.
_INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL "INNOVATIVE SCIENCE" №05/2017 ISSN 2410-6070_
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES
A.E. Artyukhova
Student of the Department of SPP, VlSU, Bobchenko T.G.
Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor of SPP, Vladimir State University, Russian Federation
EMOTIONAL STATES IN ADOLESCENTS
annotation
The article discusses the concept of emotional states, their characteristics in adolescence, the prevailing emotional states in adolescents and the level of their severity, the level of anxiety and frustration in adolescence, groups of problem adolescents are identified.
Keywords
Emotional states, adolescence, anxiety, frustration, a group of problem teenagers.
The study of the mechanisms of the emergence of emotional states is relevant for the psychological science of our time, since the mental state of a person affects various types of his activities, the quality of life in general. Such studies in domestic psychology were carried out by E.P. Ilyin, V. Vilyunas, A.O. Prokhorov, L.V. Kulikov, N.D. Levitov. So E.P. Ilyin defines emotional states as mental states that arise in the course of the subject's life and determine not only the level of information and energy exchange, but also the direction of human behavior.
The emotional states of adolescents are characterized by a number of features: the ease of occurrence of emotional tension and psychological stress, a constant change of mood, the frequent appearance of an affective state, they are more susceptible to the influence of passions, a teenager clings to his emotions, which leads to locking himself in an endless circle of experiences (V.G. Kazanskaya), older schoolchildren have the highest level of anxiety compared to other ages (V.R. Kislovskaya), they often feel guilty, in this regard, they increasingly have such an emotional state as frustration, but at the same time they are prone to the manifestation of joy more than the manifestation of negative emotions (E.P. Ilyin).
The purpose of our study: to identify the predominant emotional states of adolescents - students of a general education school and the level of their severity. To achieve this goal, a testing method was used ("Self-assessment of mental states" by G.Yu. Eysenck, "The Scale of Differential Emotions (SDE)" by K. Izard). Research base: MAOU secondary school No. XX of the city of Vladimir. The study group consisted of: students of the 8th grade (age - 14-15 years). The number of subjects - 19 people, 8 boys, 11 girls. Let's describe the results.
1. Test "Self-assessment of mental states" (G. Yu. Aizenk).
41% of teenagers showed a high level of anxiety. Adolescents with high levels of anxiety experience an unknown, undefined danger that often exists only in the minds of these adolescents. Most often, they noted in themselves such qualities and states as uncertainty, restless sleep, despondency, naivety, fear of difficulties.
38% of the subjects have an average level of anxiety. These are more or less calm teenagers, quite active and sociable, although there are cases when there is anxiety that is not justified by the circumstances.
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL "INNOVATIVE SCIENCE" №05/2017 ISSN 2410-6070_
21% of students have a low level of anxiety. Adolescents with a low level of anxiety are sociable and proactive, but they are characterized by weak emotional involvement in various life situations, restraint of feelings.
The results of the study showed that 30% of the respondents have a high level of frustration. Adolescents with a high level of frustration often experience disappointment, anxiety, irritation, and even despair. Most often, they indicated that they lose heart when they fail, feel defenseless, sometimes experience a state of despair, in difficult times they want to be pitied, lost in the face of difficulties, consider their shortcomings irreparable.
37% of the subjects have an average level of frustration. The average level of frustration indicates that frustration occurs, but not very often. Such teenagers are greatly upset by failures, they often experience a state of despair, feel at a loss in the face of difficulties, sometimes behave like a child in order to be pitied.
33% of adolescents have a low level of frustration. Such teenagers have high self-esteem, failures and difficulties do not frighten them.
2. Scale of Differential Emotions (SDE). K. Izard.
Adolescents noted that they most often experience the following emotional states: despondency (13%), excitement (11%), attention (10%), composure (10%), pleasure (15%), happiness (18%), joy (13% ). Less often, adolescents observed the presence of such states as: surprised (8%); amazed (6%); startled (6%), angry (8%), insane (5%), disliked (7%), disgusted (8%), contemptuous (6%), dismissive (5%), intimidating (5%), fearful (7%), sowing panic (7%), shy (5%), timid (9%), regretful (8%), guilty (6%), concentrated (8%), sad (9%).
According to the results of the study, three groups of problem teenagers can be distinguished. The first group is adolescents with a high level of anxiety; these adolescents often experience such emotional states as despondency, timidity, and fear of difficulties. Preventive work with this group should include an increase in the level of emotional stability, the development of self-confidence, an increase in self-esteem, the development of self-control skills in a traumatic situation, and the reduction of fears. The second group - adolescents with a high level of frustration, they note such emotional states as excitement, anger, guilt, fear, despondency, brokenness. Preventive work with this group consists of considering the main causes of frustration and explaining them to adolescents, developing a correct understanding of difficulties in children, cultivating strong-willed character traits, cultivating endurance and self-control, and including adolescents in vigorous activity. The third group is adolescents with a high level of both anxiety and frustration; they often experience despondency, fear of difficulties, self-doubt, and a sense of helplessness. Preventive work in this group includes a decrease in the level of personal and situational anxiety, an increase in the level of emotional stability, the development of self-confidence, an increase in self-esteem, a decrease in fears, training in ways to relieve muscle and emotional stress, the development of introspection skills, and development of self-control skills in a traumatic situation. Work should be carried out not only with adolescents themselves, but also with their parents, a team of teachers at school, it is also important to create an appropriate psychological atmosphere that contributes to the development of a sense of security in a teenager.
List of used literature:
1. Vilyunas V. Psychology of emotions: reader. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004. - 496 p.: ill. - (Anthology on psychology).
2. Ilyin E.P. Emotions and feelings. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - 752 p: ill. - (Series "Masters of Psychology").
3. Kazanskaya V.G. A teenager: the difficulties of growing up: a book for psychologists, teachers, parents. - 2nd edition, updated. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. - 283 p.
4. Mental states. Reader / comp. Kulikov L.V. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010 - 512 p.
© Artyukhova A.E., 2017
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Introduction |
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1. Theoretical aspects of the influence of television programs on the mental state of adolescents |
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1.1. The psychological state of the personality of a teenager |
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1.2. The nature and structure of aggression |
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1.2.1. Drive theory (psychoanalytic approach) |
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1.2.2. Ecological approach |
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1.2.3. Frustration theory (homeostatic model) |
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1.2.4. Social learning theory (behavioral model) |
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1.3. The cult of scandals in the media |
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2. The practical part of the analysis of the influence of television programs on the psychological state of adolescents |
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2.1. Methodology for conducting experimental work |
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2.2. Analysis of the results of experimental work |
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Conclusion |
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Bibliography: |
Introduction
At present, the influence of the mass media on the individual has increased significantly. The dominant position among the mass media today is occupied by television. If in the late 70s and early 80s TV was considered a luxury, today television has firmly entered the everyday life of almost every family. Gradually, television is replacing newspapers and magazines, seriously competing with radio. Competition with the press is explained by the emergence of new technologies on television:
a) Digital television
b) Teletext
c) Computer technology
d) Satellite TV
In this regard, the efficiency of information transmission has noticeably increased and, as a result, it is difficult to control the purity of the ether. It turned out to be much easier to get information through television than in any other way. For example, in order to read a newspaper, you need to go and buy it, watching a movie in the cinema turned out to be much more difficult than choosing it to watch from 5-12 TV programs, and in many European regions the number of programs already exceeds 20.
The above proves that television has become the most accessible and simple way to receive information.
Consider the influence of television on the mental state of adolescents. To do this, first we will understand the psychological state of a teenager, we will clarify what category of people we will consider adolescents.
1. Theoretical aspects of the influence of television programs on the mental state of adolescents
1.1. The psychological state of the personality of a teenager
The main characteristics of the branches of developmental psychology are: child psychology, the psychology of a younger student, the psychology of a teenager, the psychology of youth, and the psychology of an adult.
Consider the psychology of a teenager and determine how strongly a person at this age is influenced. This period completes the preparation for an independent life of a person, the formation of values, worldview, the choice of professional activity and the assertion of the civic significance of the individual. As a result, and under the influence of these social and personal factors, the entire system of the young man's relations with the people around him is rebuilt and his attitude towards himself changes. Because of this social position, his attitude to school, to socially useful activities and studies changes, a certain relationship is established between the interests of the future profession, educational interests and behavioral motives.
As a result of psychological research, it has been established that the individual development of a person and the formation of his personality occurs primarily as a result of active interaction with the environment. In different periods of a person's life, the relationship between social and biological is ambiguous. With age, the influence of the social factor on the psychological development of a person increases.
The multi-temporal sequence of biological and social maturation finds expression in contradictions, which are more often observed in adolescence.
Here is what N. F. Dobrynin writes: “We can assume that age-related features are expressed, first of all, in the anatomical and physiological features characteristic of a given period of growth and development. At the same time, with age, the attitude of a growing personality to teaching, to oneself, to the surrounding reality changes, the significance of all this for a given personality changes. Significance changes because the needs, interests, beliefs of a person change, his views and attitudes towards everything around him and towards himself change. This change in significance is determined by the interaction of a person with the surrounding social environment in which he lives, learns and acts. Man not only enters into these social relations, but he himself is a part of these relations.
A weighty characteristic, especially for a teenager, is at this age a change in attitude towards oneself, coloring all his actions and therefore expressed quite noticeably in most cases, although sometimes disguised, which, however, does not destroy his effective role.
The growth of self-awareness is a characteristic feature of the personality of an older student. The level of self-awareness also determines the level of requirements of older students to the people around them and to themselves. They become more critical, make high demands on the moral character of an adult and a peer.
I. S. Kon noted: “The growth of self-awareness and interest in their own “I” in young men is associated not only with puberty, as the biogenetic school in psychology believed. The child grew, changed, gained strength even up to a transitional age, and yet this did not arouse in him a craving for introspection. If this is happening now, it is primarily because physical maturation is at the same time a social symptom, a sign of growing up, of maturity, which is paid attention to and closely watched by others, adults and peers. The contradictory position of a teenager, the change in his social roles and the level of claims - this is what first of all actualizes the question: "Who am I?"
During this period, there is a transition from external control to self-government. But any control presupposes the presence of information about the object. Hence, during self-government, the subject's information about himself, that is, self-consciousness, must be present.
The most valuable acquisition of early youth is the discovery of one's inner world. The discovery of one's inner world is a very important, joyful and exciting event, but it also causes a lot of disturbing and dramatic experiences. Together with the realization of one's uniqueness, originality, unlikeness to others, a feeling of loneliness comes. The youthful "I" is still indefinite, vague, diffuse, it is often experienced as a vague anxiety or a feeling of inner emptiness that needs to be filled with something. Hence, the need for communication grows and at the same time there is a selectivity of communication, the need for solitude.
